The Patriot Act Essay - 1684 Words

The Patriot Act After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 our country underwent a change that has drastically affected the fundamental values that our founding fathers instilled in this country. Since that tragic day in September the aftermath of the attacks has started to implicate our Civil Liberties that in this country we hold so dear. Just 45 days after the September 11 attacks, with virtually no debate, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act on October 5th, 2001. This act expanded the surveillance powers of domestic law enforcement and international intelligence agencies. The controversy that must be discussed is whether or not this legislation fully or in part has violated the Constitution and/or endangered our civil†¦show more content†¦Malkin?s support of the Act is based on the fact that it revised outdated rules that fatally hampered surveillance of suspected terrorists in America, helped craft plans to monitor the entry and exit of foreign students and implemented a feder al program to register and track non-immigrant visitors from high-risk Middle Eastern countries. With its new granted power the federal government has busted more than 20 suspected al Qaeda, convicted 100 other individuals for terror-related crimes and since the September 11 attacks, has prevented a further mass terrorist attack on our homeland. Malkin praises Viet D. Dinh, saying ?to civil liberties alarmists, Viet Dinh is a traitor. To me, he is an American Hero.? Her argument that the Act is no threat to civil liberties is supported by Viet Dinh and his supportive thesis. Malkin states ?opponents of the Bush Administration?s homeland defense and immigration enforcement efforts complain that the war on terror has eviscerated civil liberties and constitutional rights, and they have likened John Ashcroft, Dinh and the Justice Department to the Taliban and the Nazis.? Malkin uses Viet Dinh?s response to the alarmists to defend her position. Dinh states ?The threat to liberty comes fr om Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda terrorist network, not from the men and women in blue who work to uphold the law.? He justifies his position through Edmund Burke?s theory of ?Ordered Liberty.? The theory of OrderedShow MoreRelatedThe Patriot Act1467 Words   |  6 Pagespledged to respond within boundaries set by the Constitution confronting and preventing terrorist attacks. Through Patriot Act, the law enforcement agencies of the Untied States are given the most effective tools to combat terrorists having intentions or plans to attack the nation. It is, in fact, a significant weapon for nation s fight against terror. Major purpose of the Patriot Act is to break wall of regulatory and legal polices existing between the law enforcement agencies and intelligence toRead MoreThe Patriot Act Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesterrorist so the U.S government enacted the patriot act, which gave more power to the federal law-enforcement and intelligence gathering in suspected terrorist cr imes. The patriot act gives the government power to do whatever they want for â€Å"national security† and take away the civilians civil rights. The government can tap into cell phones and listen in on conversations or even watch what people are searching on the internet. Since the passing of the patriot act racial profiling has grown in the pastRead MoreThe Declaration Of The Patriot Act1260 Words   |  6 Pagesour own government. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the president at the time, George Bush, responded by passing an act. This act is known as the Patriot Act. It allows the government unlimited access to phone records, emails, and text messages without a warrant through National Security Letters and Sneak and Peak Searches. Why do they do this, why was this act passed, they claim it’s for our safety. Both can be obtained and carried out without a judge’s approval, without a warrant, andRead More Patriot Act Essay647 Words   |  3 Pages The â€Å"Patriot Act† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the wake of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Congress sprang into action. Within a month, U.S. lawmakers overwhelmingly approved the USA Patriot Act of 2001, giving law enforcement and intelligence agent’s broader authority to fight terrorists operating in the United States. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Signed into law by the President on October 26, the Patriot Act is designed to fight terrorism on several fronts. First, it givesRead MoreThe Patriot Act Of 2001 Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pagessame, as well as the rest of us that watch in disbelief. The attacks on September 11th 2001 led to something called the Patriot Act. In the days after 9/11 Congress hurried to pass a bill to give law-enforcement agencies the power to fight domestic terrorism. On October 26, President George W. Bush signed three hundred page USA Patriot Act into law (Crf.org). The USA Patriot Act of 2001 was created to prevent and catch terrorist in the United States and around the world. The contents of it hasRead More The Patriot Act Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Patriot Act. On September 11, 2001 Muslim terrorists instilled with a hatred of the west attacked the United States in a brutal fashion. Planes were hijacked and flown into the World Trade Center in New York. Over three thousand people were killed and the impregnable nation known as America was know scared and vulnerable. Almost immediately the legislature began drafting an act that would make the war on terror and the fight for homeland security a little easier to fight, this would comeRead More Patriot Act Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesPatriot Act One of the worst, yet momentous events in U.S history occurred on September 11th, 2001. This event released a flow of patriotic fervor and a permanent fear among all Americans that they had also now become suspect to acts of international terrorists. This led to a lot of changes in the attitudes of the executive and legislative branches in the United States government. They came up almost immediately with new measures, which were supposedly against terrorism or terrorist threatsRead MoreUsa Patriot Act1302 Words   |  6 Pagesthe U.S.A. Patriot Act. The title for this bill is an acronym for the United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA Patriot Act). In the years since the passing of the Patriot Act, there has been much controversy and debate regarding the positive and negative advantages, and consequences of this bill. As a member of the law enforcement community I have experienced firsthand some of the changes the Patriot Act has broughtRead More Patriot Act Essays1231 Words   |  5 PagesPatriot Act Were dealing with terrorists who operate by highly sophisticated methods and technologies, some of which were not even available when our existing laws were written. The bill before me accounts for the new realities and dangers posed by modern terrorists. It will help law enforcement to identify, dismantle, disrupt, and punish terrorists before they strike, (President George W. Bush at signing of Patriot Act, 2001). The terrorists of today cannot be reasoned with. We must doRead More The Patriot Act Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Patriot Act In the wake of September 11, many things happened very quickly. Along with the beginning of a war against terrorism, an act was passed to help prevent future terrorism in the USA. The name of this is the USA Patriot Act. The act legalizes many surveillance techniques that were once prohibited. The act has been passed without debate, and the new privileges given to our government have not been thoroughly examined. The law enforcers of our country are now capable of monitoring

Problem Solution Is A Method For Analyzing And Writing

In composition, problem-solution is a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and proposing possible solutions. The problem can affect a large group of people in a small way, or the problem can affect a small group of people in a large way. In a problem-solution paper, the solutions should be new to the reader. To write my research problem-solution essay I followed three steps: researching, writing, and documenting. To start my research process I determined the problem, and then began researching for solutions. The problem I chose was registration at Normandale, and the common issue of classes filling up too fast. Once I had my problem, I started researching for background information on registration, and†¦show more content†¦For my introduction, I started by writing a thesis statement. My thesis statement stated the problem of class registration at Normandale, and then introduced the four possible solutions; this gave the reader a brief summa ry of what to expect. To organize my body paragraphs, I wrote out my first topic sentence to define the problem, and then followed with four topic sentences for my four solutions. Finally, I rewrote my thesis so I could restate it in my conclusion. After organizing the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion, I was ready to write my first draft. The purpose of my introduction was to interest the reader, and give them a brief background on the essay. The introductory paragraphs consisted of a hook, background information on the problem and why it is occurring, and then my thesis statement. My essay started with a direct quote I discovered when researching. I then explained the importance of the quote, and followed with my thesis. Also, I used correct MLA format when citing the direct quote in my paper. It’s important to cite all sources correctly otherwise it will be penalized as plagiarism. Once my introduction was complete, I began writing the body paragraphs. The main purpose of my body paragraphs were to explain and support my thesis. For my body paragraph on the problem, I made sure to explain the problem of registration, give an example, and then state who the problem affected. I then started theShow MoreRelatedScientific Method and Steps in Scientific Inquiry Paper1036 Words   |  5 PagesScientific Method and Steps in Scientific Inquiry Paper Monique Reed BSHS/435 February 22, 2015 Dora Baker Scientific Method and Steps in Scientific Inquiry Paper In this paper in will provide details on how scientific methods can be used in the Human services. Explaining the steps of scientific methods, and how it serves as an important key to Human services professionals. Each steps will be included on how they are define and what purpose it serves will scientific methods are applied. HumanRead MoreJonathan Swift Satire Analysis1108 Words   |  5 Pagesomparing Irony In both Mark Twain and Jonathan Swift’s articles there is an effective use of irony. Irony in satirical writing is normally used for the speaker to convey the opposite intended meaning to which they are stating; along with antiphrasis, the use of a word when the opposite meaning is implied, irony makes a valuable asset to satirical literature. The sarcastic use of irony was input to both readings to express the writer’s disappointment towards their societies teachings during theirRead MoreTheoretical Research On Student s Studying Process979 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals at Drexel University’s Department of Biology have observed this problem, and hypothesized that a group of students working with a faculty member on a theoretical research proposal, might be an effective solution (Stanford Duwel, 2013). Overall, this experiment was designed to view whether writing theoretical research projects can effectively teach students the scientific process. Theoretical Research Writing and the Scientific Process Introduction Graduate schools expect students toRead MoreCritical Thinking1125 Words   |  5 Pagesconjecture. The benefit of nurses developing sharper skills in critical thinking also impacts quality improvement. Quality improvement teams within the health care system identify problems that may be contributing factors to ineffective patient care. As nurses, we play an important role in helping to identify and correct problems that have a negative impact on patient care. Critical thinking is a necessary pathway in improving the quality of patient care. The health care system will continue to changeRead MoreThe Complicated Life of Socrates1183 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking led to the creation of the Socratic Method and the Socratic Paradoxes. Socrates’ philosophical beliefs and life isn’t accurately represented in the modern world. Since there aren’t any writings from Socrates himself, his life, beliefs, and philosophy has to be depicted through the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Aristotle and Xenophon, with Plato being the most informational and dependable source. These writers that do mention Socrates in their writings aren’t always accurate and are sometimesRead MoreBusiness Appraisal Through Social Media Analytics1454 Words   |  6 Pagesand larger organizations having in-house department, which is closely observed by top management of the organizations. Social media analytics can be boost to mainly to retail sector for collecting and analyzing large amounts of data to predict impact of overall business. Statement of the Problem: To analyze social media data, which is very semi-structured and in unstructured manner, social media analytics need advanced techniques to get structured information required for decision-making. SocialRead MoreM4 Research Design Critique Report1143 Words   |  5 PagesM4 Research Design Critique Report A research scenario that could be addressed using an experimental design would be: What are the differential effects of two different instructional methods, problem based learning and lecture based learning, on the understanding of physics topics on forty students in high school physics. To address concerns of internal validity, two classes of students with a similar learning history and student demographic will be utilized; also, both classes will be taught byRead MoreLegal Methods, Research And Writing Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful in law whether studying or practicing the profession Legal methods, research and writing is a major necessity for those in the legal field. It is nearly impossible to study or practice law without the basic knowledge of legal methods, research and writing. This essay examines the importance of Legal methods, research and whether in school or outside in the legal profession. The first reason we need legal methods, research and writing is tha t it will help us to write essays well and helps studentsRead MoreRose and Graff1170 Words   |  5 PagesTwo professors of different backgrounds, Mike Rose of California, and Gerald Graff, of Illinois, discuss the problems college students face today in America. Though similar in slight variations, both professors view the problem in different regards and prepare solutions that solve what they feel to be the heart of this academic problem. Mike Rose, author of The Politics of Remediation, explains that #8220;linguistic exclusion#8221; is the barrier that prevents many new college students fromRead MorePublic Health And Academic Writing980 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch and writing in his or her particular field of study, a truly informed individual must also possess the ability to understand the variety of ways that knowledge is made in other disciplines. Having a broad contextual background to draw from will allow a person to make deeper realizations when reading work shared by fellow practitioners of the same field. One academic area outside of those I am most familiar with is public health. Within the sphere of public health, academic writing is published

Law of Business in an Organisation

Question: Describe the law of business in an organisation. Answer: Propriety Limited Company A Propriety Company is a company, which is not a public company and is privately held by individuals. It may be either a limited company or an unlimited company. Propriety Limited Company is a propriety company in which the shareholders have a limited liability. The shareholders liability to pay off the debts of the Company extends to the amount of unpaid amount on the shares held by them (Business.vic.gov.au 2016). Procedure for registration of a Propriety Limited Company The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is the authority, which registers Companies in Australia. An application form has to be lodged with the ASIC for registration of a Propriety Limited Company (Asic.gov.au 2016). Section 117 of the Corporation Act, 2001 lays down the guidelines and instructions for lodging an application form with the ASIC (Legislation.gov.au 2016). According to Section 117, the details, which need to be provided for a Propriety limited Company in the application form, are as follows: a) Type of Company; b) Proposed name of the Company; c) The details (name address) of persons who consent to be member of the Company; d) The details (name, address, birth date, place of birth) of persons who consent to become a director of the Company; e) The details (name, address, birth date, place of birth) of persons who consent to become a company secretary of the Company; f) Address of proposed registered office of the Company; g) Address of proposed principal business of the Company; h) The details of shares (the class of shares and the number of shares, which the members consent to take up, provided the consent must be in writing); i) The details of the amount to be paid by the members per share including the information whether full amount of the shares shall be paid on registration or not; j) Whether, on registration, the shares are to be beneficially held by the members or not; k) Whether, on registration, the Company will have an ultimate holding company or not; l) The name of the State of Territory where the company is proposed to be registered. Registration of a Propriety Limited Company- Sample form APPLICANTS DETAILS First name: Andrew Surname: James Telephone: +61 2 8461 2327 Fax: +61 2 8461 2327 Email Address: Street Address: 109 Railway Street Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Post Code: 2216 DETAILS OF COMPANY Type of Company: Propriety company Limited by shares Proposed Name of Company: NEUTRELA Propriety Limited State or Territory in which the Company is to be registered: NSW Is the company a special purpose company: No Registered office: 86 Pitt Street Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Post Code:2000 Has the premise been occupied by the Company: Yes Principle place of business of the Company: as above DIRECTORS Director 1 First name: Stephen Surname: Stone Address of Residence Street: 321 Pitt Street Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Post Code: 2000 Date of Birth: 20/07/1968 Place of Birth Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW DIRECTOR 2 First Name: John Surname: Doe Address of Residence Street: 131 Macquarie St Suburb/City: Sydney State: New South Wales Post Code: 2000 Date of Birth: 13/04/1973 Place of Birth Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW SECRETARY First name: Mark Surname: Gomes Address of Residence: Street: 36 Market Street Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Post Code: 2000 Date of Birth: 16/02/1987 Place of Birth Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW SHAREHOLDERS Shareholder 1 Full name: Andrew James Address: 109 Railway Street Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Post Code: 2216 Class Code of Shares Number of shares to be taken up Amount to be paid each share Total amount paid on the shares Amount unpaid each share Total amount unpaid on the shares Paid Fully (Y/N) Held Beneficially (Y/N) H 3780 $2.29 $8656.20 0 0 Y Y Shareholder 2 Full name: Mark Rawls Address: 231 Elizabeth Street Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Post Code: 2000 Class Code of Shares Number of shares to be taken up Amount to be paid per share Total amount paid on the shares Amount unpaid per share Total amount unpaid on the shares Paid Fully (Y/N) Held Beneficially (Y/N) H 2340 $2.29 $5358.6 0 0 Y Y Format of Consents Consent to become a Director To: NEUTRELA Propriety Limited I consent to act as a Director of this Company. In compliance with Section 201D of the Corporation Act, 2001, I hereby provide my entire details, which are as follows: First name: Stephen Surname: Stone Address of residence Street: 321 Pitt St. Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Post Code: 2000 Date of Birth: 20.07.1968 Place of Birth Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Date: 20/05/2016 Signature: Consent to become Company Secretary To: NEUTRELA Propriety Limited I do give my consent hereby to act as the Company Secretary and I hereby provide my personal details, which are as follows: First name: Mark Surname: Gomes Address of Residence: Street: 36 Market Street Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Post Code: 2000 Date of Birth: 16/02/1987 Place of Birth Suburb/City: Sydney State: NSW Date: 20/05/2016 Signature: Consent to become a member To: Ambition Propriety Limited I, Andrew James, do hereby give my consent to become member of the NEUTRELA Propriety Limited. The class and number of shares, which I agree to purchase, are as follows: Class of shares: H Number of Shares: 3780 I also agree to pay, in full, the total amount of the shares at $2.29 per share. Date: 20/05/2016 Signature: Register of Share Section 168 mandates a company to maintain a share register and Section 169 lays down the details to be included in the share register. (Alrc.gov.au 2016). The following details are to be incorporated in the share register: The name and address of the shareholders; The date of entry of the name of the shareholders in the register; The date of allotment of shares to the shareholders; The number of shares allotted to such shareholders; The classes of shares allotted to such shareholders; Details of paid amount on such shares; Whether full payment has been made on such shares; Details of unpaid amount on such shares. All these information have to be provided in the share register and any changes in any of this information have to be duly updated from time to time. Sample form of a share register Neutrela Propriety Limited Members Register Date of Entry Full Name Address Date of Transaction Transaction Type Class of shares Number of Shares Amount paid per share Amount unpaid per share Cessation of membership 20/05/2016 Andrew James 109 Railway Street, Sydney, New South Wales, 2216 20/05/2016 Allotment H 3780 shares acquired $2.29 0 20/05/2016 Mark Rawls 231 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000 20/05/2016 Allotment H 2340 shares acquired $2.29 0 Internal management of Company According to Section 134, a company is governed by its constitution or by the replaceable rules, which apply to it, or by both. Section 135 lays down the list of companies to which the replaceable rules apply (Legislation.gov.au 2016). The constitution and replaceable rules lay down provisions for the internal procedures to be followed by a Company. The Constitution and replaceable rules are kind of contract and they bind the members with the Company, the directors and company secretaries with the Company, and they also bind the members with each other. These rules apply to carry out the internal management of the company (Rolfe 2013). Provisions for a class of redeemable preference shares in the Constitution- Sample form The constitution of NEUTRELA Propriety Limited lays down the following provisions with respect to H class redeemable preference shares: The holders of this class of shares shall not be allowed to attend any meeting of the Company. They shall also not be entitled to vote in any meeting of the Company. The Company may return the amount paid up by the holder of redeemable preference shareholders and may redeem all such shares or may redeem part of those shares from time to time. The Company before doing such act shall give a notice, 7 days before, to the last known address of such shareholder, and on the expiry of 7 days of delivery such notice, the shares shall be considered to have been redeemed; The Company shall give priority to this class of shareholders, with respect to returning the amount paid up by the shareholders, in case of winding up of the Company; The H class redeemable preference shareholders are not allowed to participate in the division of excess profits/assets of the Company; This class of shareholders are entitled to such non-cumulative dividend as are deemed fit by the Director and have no right to any cumulative dividend. Justification for incorporation of Section 124 in the Corporation Act, 2001 A company is a separate legal body and it has been endowed with certain powers and capacities under Section 124 of the corporation Act, 2001. (Alrc.gov.au 2016). It may exercise all such powers as is necessary for carrying out its operations. It has a distinct existence of its own and it has full control and access to its properties and assets. It has legal capacity in the sense that all acts done by a Company will be considered to be valid and binding. The acts done by a Company cannot merely be considered to invalid in the sense that the acts were not done in the best interest of the Company. This provision has mainly been incorporated to protect the interest of the third parties dealing with the Company. Third parties dealing with the Company are entitled to full protection, all transactions entered into between the Company and the third parties will be considered valid and binding. Thus, section 124 ensures to build up a legal relationship between a Company and a third party and none of the dealings between a bona fide third party and a Company shall be considered invalid so long as the Company is not acting contrary to any law made by a State or a Territory. Section 124, in a way, has also displaced the doctrine of ultra vires; it gives legal recognition to all acts done by the Company. Justification for incorporation of Section 129 in the Corporation Act, 2001 The Constitution of a Company sets out the rules and procedures, which it has to follow. These are internal procedures, which a company ought to follow in its transactions with an outsider. An outsider, dealing with a company may or may not have the knowledge whether all the internal procedures of the company have been followed or not. If a person enters into a transaction with a Company in good faith and with a bona fide belief that the Company has followed all internal procedures and afterwards it is found that there was irregularity in the internal procedures for which the dealing becomes invalid, then he may suffer a loss or damage with respect to such dealing. Section 129 has therefore been designed to protect the interests of such outsiders who deal with the company with a bona fide intention and has no knowledge of the procedural irregularities of the Company. This rule is also known as the rule of indoor management. This rue was enunciated in the case of Royal British Bank vs. Turquand. In this case, the Company, Turquand had borrowed loan from the Bank in an irregular manner and thereafter failed to repay the loan amount. The Company contended since the loan was approved in an irregular manner, therefore it was not bound to repay the same. The Court rejected such contention. The principle laid down in this case is that an outsider or a third party is entitled to assume that the Company has duly complied with all the internal procedures and consequently all transactions entered into between the company and the third party shall be considered valid and binding (Stannard 2015). The same rule has been incorporated under Section 129 of the corporation Act, 2001. Justification for incorporation of Section 588(M) (3) in the Corporation Act, 2001 The Directors of a Company play a vital role in managing the affairs of the Company. All the valuable assets of the Company are entrusted to the Directors, they are completely aware of financial situation of the Company, and they need to take responsible steps at every stage of the Companys progress (Hussain et al. 2015). During insolvency period of a Company, the Directors are ought to act more carefully and have to take steps by taking into consideration the best interest of the creditors and shareholders. During this period, if a Director knowingly takes credit from a person and such person suffers a loss due to the insolvency of the Company; in that case the Directors cannot be allowed to get away with it (Keay 2015). Therefore, Section 588(M) (3) has been incorporated in the Corporation Act, 2001, which directs the Directors to return the amount lost or suffered by the Creditors who advanced loan during the insolvency period of a Company. This rule has been laid down to give effect to the concept of lifting of corporate veil. A company has a distinct legal personality and all the acts done by a Company are attributed to it. In case of a fraudulent act done by a Company, this veil has to be pierced in order to find out the main culprit (Lam 2015) Section 588(M) (3) demonstrates an instance of the application of this principle and imposes liability on the Directors who, during insolvency of a Company or at a time when the Company is about to get insolvent, knowingly takes loan from a creditor and causes loss to him. References Alrc.gov.au. (2016). Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) | ALRC. Anderson, H., 2014. Pressing the right buttons: Australian case studies in the protection of employee entitlements against corporate insolvency.International Labour Review,153(1), pp.117-142. Asic.gov.au. (2016). ASIC Home | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Briggs, K., 2012. The name of the game.Keeping Good Companies,64(1), p.21. Business.vic.gov.au. (2016). Business structures: Fittler, D. and Tobin, G., 2012. From incorporated association to a company limited by guarantee: Part 1 Comparison of legal structures suitable for NFPs. Freudenberg, B., 2013. Lifting the Veil on Foreign Tax Flow-Through Companies: Could Australian Closely Held Business Benefit from Their Governance Regimes?.Australian Journal of Corporate Law, pp.201-232. Goulding, S., 2013.Principles of company law. Routledge. Hussain, M., Hussain, S. and Awais, A., 2015. Understanding Corporate Governance and Board of Directors: A Generic Analysis. Keay, A., 2015. The shifting of directors' duties in the vicinity of insolvency.International Insolvency Review,24(2), pp.140-164. Lam, C.L., 2015. Piercing the Corporate Veil. Legislation.gov.au. (2016). Corporations Act 2001. McQueen, R., 2013.A Social History of Company Law: Great Britain and the Australian Colonies 18541920. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Nyombi, C., 2014. Lifting the veil of incorporation under common law and statute.International Journal of Law and Management,56(1), pp.66-81. Rolfe, J., 2013. Shareholders' right to know. Shepherd, C. and Ridley, A., 2015.Company Law. Routledge. Stannard, K., 2015. Unravelling the Turquand Rule: the law.Without Prejudice,15(10), pp.79-80. Stewart, James B. (American journalism professor) 2013, "Hiding behind the corporate veil",Fordham Journal of Corporate Financial Law,vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1.

New York Times Co. V. United States Essay Example For Students

New York Times Co. V. United States Essay Word Count: 254The New YorkTimes printed allegedly classified documents that leaked from the Pentagonabout the war in Vietnam. A 47 volume classified history of the American involvementin Vietnam was distributed to the Times and, later, the Post by Daniel Ellsberg,a minor writer in the Pentagon Papers. The Times published these papers bitby bit until the Nixon administration sought an injunction on the Times tostop publication. The Supreme Court found that the First Amendment did notpermit an injunction against the Times. The issue here is weather or notthe First Amendment applies to federal papers, and weather prior restraintis unconstitutional. Also, can the government seek an injunction on a pressto halt publication of such documents, even in cases of national security.The Supreme Court Ruled 6-3 in favor of the New York Times, saying thatthe First Amendment did not permit an injunction against the press. The Courtfound that the Government did not relieve their Heavy Burden of proof tojustify the injunction based on prior restraint. This verdict was reachedJune 25, 1971. A heavy burden of proof is placed on the government wheneverthere is grounds for prior restraint. Is this burden is not sufficiently substantiated,then and injunction cannot be issued. The First Amendment protects therights of individuals and the press to communicate freely. The U.S. has theright to halt any publication that they deem harmful, if and only if, theyshow enough evidence to support their injunction, and meet their Heavy Burdenof proof imposed upon them by the courts.

Women During the Franco Era

Introduction Spain emerged from the Civil War with many economic difficulties and problems. The Civil unrest wiped out foreign exchanges and gold reserves thus affecting the economy. The agricultural and industrial sectors had also become ineffective towards economic growth and sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Women During the Franco Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The war also led to global shortages of raw materials, industrial products, and foodstuffs. The Franco regime after 1939 wanted to apply a dictatorial approach to bring new economic policies to promote self-sufficiency and economic empowerment. In the 1940s, the economic growth of the country retarded but took time to recover. By the 1950s, the GDP was at 40 per cent and soon the economy began to grow due to increased black markets, tripling prices, and increased foreign trade. Women also played a huge role to transform the eco nomic system of Spain. Women during the Franco Era After the Second World War ended, Franco controlled Spain through continued implementation of economic policies and austere approaches to monitor the economic growth. Although the country lacked democracy, Spain achieved a lot in its economic structure. The regime professed that women should continue acting according to the contemporary roles of gender in the society (Twomey, 2000, p. 32). Through the social order and organization, the regime considered women services relevant to improve the conditions in the society. The end of the Civil War in the country resulted in the voluntary society service. During the era, history shows that women played the role of military vanguards. The women in the society were compelled to complete a set of social duties in the society thereby promoting the growth and success of the society. For example, women were helping in shops, working as teachers, and administering medical responsibilities in the country. This was a compulsory service taking the women six months to complete. The service was mandatory if a person wanted to get a driver’s license, a passport, or even a university degree (Twomey, 2000, p. 48). After finishing the service, it was a major requirement that women received training from physicians and priests. The regime considered this social service in the country relevant to prepare women to a greater course in the country’s economy.Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the regime, the social service was an important vehicle to promote the ideology without necessarily applying any oppressive means. At the same time, women learned how to complete household chores and take care of their own children. This was the best idea to improve the contribution of women to the Hispanic society. Another important observation during the Franco era was th at women were more empowered because of the social service. During the time, women were actively involved in sports and other forms of physical education. However, majority of the men in the society were against the idea (Sanchez, 2009, p. 12). During the period, majority of the women changed to become modern. The society fought for their training thereby giving them a better chance of becoming nurses and becoming income earners in the society. During the same era, there were increased rights of the women therefore giving them liberty to own a family (Sanchez, 2009, p. 16). They also had the liberty to get married and had children. Some women were homemakers during the Franco era. History also shows that some women were tortured during the era especially those who seemed to support the new regime. Their children were stolen and trafficked thereby oppressing them. This was to oppress them and make sure they supported the rebels. This situation continued to affect the welfare of women in the society thus making their lives unbearable in the society (Ellwood, 2007, p. 63). During the time, women who combined their religious understanding and justice to promote their ideologies and become powerful members of the society formed the Seccion Femenina. The group made it possible for state their positions in the society and the need for continued empowerment. The other thing is that, during the era, women had different views and opinions about Dictator Franco. For instance, some women believed that he was a great leader because it was because of the regime that they became educated, became empowered, and gained much attention from the government. However, some women considered the regime inadequate and oppressive because they did not achieve much in the society (Miller, 2008, p. 46). The most important thing to consider here is that women gained much attention during the period and were able to pursue their personal goals. They became educated and got a chance to pract ice their own careers. The period saw an increasing number of female practitioners, nurses, teachers, and civil servants.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Women During the Franco Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is notable that the authoritarian Franco regime imposed explicit policies and ideologies on the country’s citizens. Although the regime imposed these ideologies in an indirect manner, it became a unique source of foundation towards the establishment of the country future history. Despite the explicit ideologies such as the social service imposed by the government, it is agreeable that women in the society became powerful and were in a position to achieve their personal goals and fulfillment. Although majority of the women were empowered during the Franco era, it is still acknowledgeable that majority of the women were supposed to act under their husbands (Ellwood, 2007, p. 63). They wer e also supposed to stick to the gender roles, take care of their children, and support their husbands in every little thing. The idea is that the familial hierarchy was significant in the society during Franco’s era. With this kind of order, it was possible to achieve economic improvements based on the strong family foundation and increased participation in nation building activities (Miller, 2008, p. 49). Despite the familial order, the women were also encouraged to perform in the society and undertake economic activities to empower themselves and achieve their goals. The empowerment of the Spanish woman was one of the greatest achievements that led to the continued economic growth in the country. Conclusion Between 1939 and 1975, Spain was under Francisco Franco, a dictator who tried to apply a specific kind of ideology through a social approach. The regime put in place the social service program to improve the social status and conditions in the country. Although this was considered a dictatorial idea, it played a huge role in empowering women and ensuring their realized their personal goals and potential in the society. They became free and obtained different employment opportunities in the society. At the same time, the regime professed the traditional roles of females in the society. This made it possible to have powerful families and helped promote economic growth. Reference List Ellwood, S 2007. Spanish fascism in the Franco era, Oxford Press, Madrid.Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Miller, K 2008. Women in Hispanic Literature: Icons and Fallen Idols, Wiley and Sons, New York. Sanchez, A 2009. Fear and Progress: Ordinary Lives in Franco’s Spain, 1939-1975, McGraw, New York. Twomey, L 2000. Women in contemporary culture: Roles and identities in France and Spain, Longman, Madrid. This assessment on Women During the Franco Era was written and submitted by user MotherAskani to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Clan or the Cave Bear essays

Clan or the Cave Bear essays A Patriarchy is the power of the fathers. Passed on through generation to generation. Social, ideological ideas in the political system in which men by force direct pressure through ritual, tradition, law, language, customs, etiquette, education, and the division of labor that determine what part women should or shall not play. In which the female is everywhere subsumed under the male. Ayla posed direct opposition and insolent disobedience to the leaders of the clan; Brun and the Mo-gur, she still could not persuade them to treat her as their equal. She was far stronger than Broud, She could hunt far better than the men could, which endangered her life because hunting with a slingshot was a feat that women were not allowed to do, hunting was the sole province of men of the Clan of the Cave Bear. "When she heard Brac scream, she didn't think of the consequences, she just reached for her sling, quickly grabbed two pebbles, and hurled them." Men celebrated the archaism (the imitation of the old or obsolete tradition) of there clan. The leaders of the Clan of the Cave Bear had great reverence for the patriarchy of the family. Father son relationships were very important, this relationship helped reinforce the child's rank, taught him to hunt, the coming of the manhood ceremony. "...he was past his 11th year and his manhood ceremony had been held." All of these things shaped the males character. ...

Jean Roberge - vice president of ABS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jean Roberge - vice president of ABS - Essay Example The project tends to bring all 3 sub-units (which were previously 3 different businesses) on to one platform so that resources can be shared profitably especially in accounting and human resource management department. Even in marketing department, if the plan of marketing from all three entities is in line with each other due to the presence of an integrated management system, it will prove less costly and more effective. The project will cost $50 million, which Mr. Roberge plan to spread over the period of 24 months. The major targets of ABS from incorporation of this new system are to ensure consistent and reliable data retrieval, harmonization of accounting and financial process, improving process efficiency in HR management and to create an integrated market vision for the new ABS entity. The challenges as identified by Mr. Roberge include the fact that there is a huge amount of information that needs to be sorted out and placed rightly to be accessed when required and this too must be done without a single error. The existing systems and soft wares cannot be considered obsolete for no reason. Instead, the best option is to make as little as possible change to the soft wares in use already. This will help in keeping the system understandable for the users. Also, it is a huge project which will have a direct impact over the way IT department of ABS works. It will have an impact over the future of IT department in ABS. Another great challenge is that Mr. Roberge needs to hire a competent project manager. Case 1: Question 1: There are few other issues which at this point seem that Mr. Roberge has not considered. The biggest issue is reaction of ABS employees to this huge change. It has been mentioned in the case study that IT department staff is already a little uneasy about it as such a system can lead towards downsizing of their department. Such an automated system might result in lower number of jobs in IT department. This thus has an impact over performan ce of staff especially in the IT department. On the same line, the reaction of employees from other departments will also be important. Marketing department for example might not be very comfortable with such an integrated system. They are not used to discussing their micro plans with a huge audience. An important aspect that is thus being overlooked at this stage in my opinion is change management. Case Study 2: Question 1: In my opinion there are a few key points in the presentation which include the following: First of all, the presentation must have included the scope, budget, requirement and justification of having such a huge system in place. This is something which Mr. Roberge’s own presentation to the committee had in detail. The issues which he found a little untouched in his own presentation and was impressed when he saw added to consultant’s presentation are a detailed break up of the additional resources ABS will require for implementation of such a huge sy stem. When ERP is incorporated in any huge corporate of public culture, there is a lot of staff requirement, capital resource requirement and hardware and soft ware requirements to be taken care of by the parent company. Though Mr. Roberge has done thorough cost analysis, the requirement of staff was brought up by the consultant. Other important point that was highlighted in the presentation of the consultant was that change management must be a well planned process. The consultant has been a part of essentially many such ERP incorporations and from his experience he has pointed out that firms see highest turn over rate during the time when such huge changes are taking place. He pointed out that change management should be a well planned process and employees from every tier must be involved so that

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY - Assignment Example PEC and shale oil producers, end of Quantitative Easing (QE) in the US economy which led to the rise in the dollar value and subsequent fall in the oil prices. Oil prices fall when the world produces more oil than it is able to consume in which case there is a production surplus. Vice versa, a production deficit comes about when the demand for oil is greater than the amount of oil that is being manufactured. However, oil prices have plummeted to half of what they used to be since June. Crude oil has now dipped below $50 a barrel for the first time since May 2009 and US crude has also fallen below $50 a barrel† (2015). In the last decade, oil prices were high because of the rising demand for oil in most of the world but this growing demand could not be met and supply remained low due to conflicts in the oil producing Middle Eastern region, for example Iraq. By 2014, oil production increased exponentially and due to surplus oil being produced, the price of oil fell dramatically. This was caused by a significant increase in US oil production. Because of soaring oil prices, multiple American and Canadian companies started drilling for â€Å"new, hard-to-extract crude in North Dakotas shale formations and Albertas oil sands† and advanced methods like fracking and horizontal drilling began to be used (Plumer, 2015. The introduction of American shale oil in the market has added â€Å"4 million new barrels of crude oil per day† (Plumer, 2015) to the oil market while the global production is â€Å"75 million barrels per day† (Plumer, 2015). Iraq emerged as one of the major contributors to the recent boom in oil production. After the US led invasion of Iraq, oil production was disrupted due to constant war, turmoil and sanctions. However, since 2008 due to efforts being made to bring about stability and curb violence, we have seen a boom in Iraqi oil production. â€Å"Over the next five to seven years, Iraq could be supplying nearly half of the incremental growth in world oil

Research Survey Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Survey Plan - Essay Example From sample results, the researcher generalizes or makes claims about the population. In an experiment, investigators may also identify a sample and generalize to a population: however, the basic intent of an experiment is to test the impact of a treatment (or an intervention) on an outcome, controlling for all other factors that might influence that outcome.† (Creswell, 2003, p 154). Therefore, designing a research survey plan incorporates several fundamental factors and this study focuses on designing a plan for the procedures to be used in a survey study based on a checklist for designing a survey method. Analyzing the essential components of a survey method plan, one realizes that the design of a survey method section closely follows a standard format and there are several types of such formats available in research journals. They have the fundamental characteristic of providing effective models of this strategy of investigation. In preparing the essential components of a survey method plan, it is also important to follow some fundamental aspects of the checklist questions provided in the Creswell text. â€Å"In a proposal or plan, one of the first parts of the method section can introduce readers to the basic purpose and rationale for survey research. Begin the discussion by reviewing the purpose of a survey and the rationale for its selection as a design in the proposed study.† (Creswell, 2003, p 154). Therefore, it is important to identify, in such a discussion, the purpose of survey research as well as to indicate why the survey method has been preferred as the data colle ction procedure for the research. The main purpose of the survey research is to generalize from a sample to a population in order that inferences regarding the attitude or behavior of the population can be easily made. The rationale for indicating why the survey method has been preferred as the data

Two Means Of Mass Communication Media Essay

Two Means Of Mass Communication Media Essay Is print either superior or inferior to video? How would one decide such a matter? When superficially comparing two means of communication largely used nowadays, namely print and video, one could venture stating that the latter is better just by looking at the audience rates for each medium. However, the issue of deciding which type of medium is better is far more complex, starting even from establishing what better means. Being in no position to offer a clear-cut answer to the essay question, in the following lines I will draw some theoretical guiding lines and then outline and discuss some of the important advantages and disadvantages of using print and video as message conveyers, guided by the idea that each medium has its characteristics and each person has to decide which one better suits him or her. The focus points in comparing the two media will be related to the audience rates for each medium and their possible causes, the characteristics of the two media and of the media pr oduct on offer and, lastly, to the impact on the two types of media consumers. Marshall McLuhans famous phrase the medium is the message (1964: 7) represents a suitable starting point in comparing print and video. It indicates that the medium through which a message is conveyed has high importance in the reception of the meanings of the text. Moreover, it implies that each medium shapes the messages it transmits to the audiences according to different factors which I will later present. In discussing these two media in this essay I will mainly refer to newspapers as being representative for the print medium and to television for video. Moreover, the media products which will be addressed will be non-fictional, i.e. not movies or literature. However, it should be noted that print is actually referring in general to the written messages, no matter which is the medium through which we gain access to them (P. David Marshall, 2004). Each medium, nevertheless, inscribes different characteristics on the message it conveys, as I shall attempt to demonstrate in this ess ay. Firstly, I will cast my attention on the audience rates of the two media and on how these could be explained. As stated in the introduction, one could fall into the trap of considering video better than print only because of the number of media consumers each medium has. Indeed, the number of audiences is relevant when studying a medium, especially the effects it can have on people, an aspect which could help one decide which medium is better. The data presented by McQueen indicates that British people spend an average of over 25 hours watching television a week, with, on a typical day, 80 per cent of the population tuning into television (Cultural Trends, 1997, quoted in Glastier, 1997) (1998: 3). Barwise and Ehrenberg draw a more generalised conclusion: people in many countries spend between a third and a half of their free time with television, more time than we spend on anything else except sleep and work (1988: 12). Moreover, the specific example Bourdieu (1998) gives about Fren ch TV viewing being more popular than all newspapers is eloquent. Bourdieu also draws the attention on the possible dangers of the large number of audiences: television poses no less of a threat to political life and to democracy itself (1998: 10). Not only does television manipulates through its nature (Hall, 1996), but it also alienates its audiences, according to the data presented. Audience rates reflect the particularities of print and video consumers. The difference in audience rates is due mainly to the fact that television does not require the audiences to be literate in order to become television consumers: television offers viewers a variety of subject matter, requires minimal skills to comprehend it, and is largely aimed at emotional gratification (Postman, 1987: 88-9). Moreover, the two media have different target consumers. Newspaper reading is similar to other intellectual activities: it is habituated in the youth and then it becomes a custom (Putnam, 2000), the readers choosing certain newspapers due to their clearly defined policy with which its readers can identify themselves [†¦] [because newspapers] express the feelings and hopes, often unexpressed, of its millions of readers (Hornby, 1965: 102). Even if television viewing creates dependence, TV viewers are more flexible than newspaper readers, surfing the TV channels in search for suitable programmes which will attract them, as well as new television viewers. Furthermore, print has always been addressed to older, educated people, to the literate (Putnam, 2000), whereas by its nature the video medium creates the illusion of reality (Hall, 1996) and thus appeals to all people, disregarding their social status, sex, age or race. Extensive research shows that people consider watching TV mainly as a time-passing, relaxing activity, as Barwise and Ehrenberg note: television is so popular because it provides large amounts of distraction and relaxation at a trivial cost with minimum effort to the viewer (1988: 19). By contrast with printed material, video media products have the advantage of being more entertaining. If newspapers have the aim of informing their readers more than other media (Monaco, 1978), TV producers have to create entertaining programmes that can attract audiences and keep them tuned in. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to have access to multiple resources, including equipment, a setting, money, a team etc. In this respect, print is more cost-effective, less constrained than the video medium and more at the disposal of media consumers. Nevertheless, newspapers are not the only form of print, the contents of some magazines and tabloids being more similar to TV programmes than any other print medium, because they have the same role: to entertain their public. If different in audience rates, the two media, print and video, are also dissimilar in what concern the social effects they determine. Putnam (2000) argues that TV viewing alienates the media consumers in different respects, such as determining them to be passive and encouraging less social communication in all its forms written, oral, or electronic (2000: 231). Whereas texts conveyed by print engage their audiences in a one-to-one process, video media facilitates social interactions indoors, in front of the TV, as McCullagh argues: [t]elevision may, for example, facilitate family communication and talk, but the content of the talk and conversation often has little relationship to what is on the screen (2002: 169). Nevertheless, McCullagh pursues his line of argument by stating that the increased time spent in front of television must reduce the time that is available for other forms of social activity, especially those outside the home (2002: 172), while newspapers can be read ever ywhere, at any time. After having discussed a few important social issues regarding the two media which could balance the weight in favour of one of them when judging which is better, I can now look at other characteristics of both media. According to Postman, televisions conversations promote incoherence and triviality (1987: 81), while print is seen by him as a serious, coherent place, capable of management by reason, and of improvement by logical and relevant criticism (1987: 63). His line of thought is developed by Fiske and Hartley: The written word (and particularly the printed word) works through and so promotes consistency, narrative development from cause to effect, universality and abstraction, clarity, and a single tone of voice. Television, on the other hand, is ephemeral, episodic, specific, concrete and dramatic in mode (Fiske and Hartley, 1978, cited in Abercrombie, 1996: 9). Moreover, print texts offer the readers the possibility to have much more control: skipping, pausing, re-reading, and so on (Barwise and Ehrenberg: 1988: 129), unlike video which is an ephemeral medium. This does not imply, however, that television is inferior in all respects to print. One of the matters concerning each medium is related to the amount of time it takes to transmit information to the public and between the occurrence of an event and the moment when the public is informed. In what concerns the video medium, information is transmitted faster to the audience, even if it is usually presented more briefly. Due to the technological characteristics of broadcasting which permit transmitting live footage 24-hours a day, television can deal with todays news, or even news as it breaks, unlike most daily papers which can report only yesterdays events (McQueen, 1998: 100). Another aspect of transmitting news through the video medium compensates this advantage: [f]acts push other facts into and then out of consciousness at speeds that neither permit nor require evaluation (Postman, 1987: 71). There is the risk of loosing the complexity of a news story because of being constraint by time, similar to the lack of space for newspaper news: a television script (e.g. fo r the news) can be more succinct, using fewer adjectives and adverbs because the pictures convey much of the detail (Barwise and Ehrenberg: 1988: 128-9). However, the effect of this simplification of news is that we are presented not only with fragmented news but news without context, without consequences, without value, and therefore without essential seriousness; that is to say, news as pure entertainment (Postman, 1987: 102). Postman further argues that the short length of TV news reports has the role not to let the viewers engage too much with a particular subject, because if they do, they can lose the entertaining sense of the news programme. Spending approximately a day a week viewing TV, people happen to find out more on a particular topic without necessary having in plan to; hence, watching video materials doesnt always involve a voluntary engagement with the subject of the broadcast. Therefore, TV audiences are more likely to be passive because of the longer periods of time in contact with this means of communication, unlike the limited interaction with written texts, which is more likely to be a voluntary action, being more personal as well: the mood of reading is quieter and more reflective (Hornby, 1965: 32). Due to the limited number of pages and the one-to-one character of reading a written text, the reader is more of an active media consumer while a TV viewer could engage in other activities while the TV is on. Moreover, as Monaco argues, in order to read a text, one has to be willing, to invest a more intense intellectual effort because he has to supply his own images [and sound] (1978: 6), whilst to hear or se e something on television does not need such a mental effort. Hence, a written media text is more likely to be read in an active manner than a TV broadcast. This does not imply, however, as McCullagh (2002) argues, that newspapers cannot be read in a distraught way. Related to the issue of active/passive audiences is also the creativity of the media consumer. Print texts encourage people to be creative more than when viewing video materials, in which case the media consumer is a mere spectator, not the essential constitutive element of forming the mental image suggested by the text. News broadcasts comprise reading previously written news (news scripts), (motion) pictures, sounds and testimonies. By contrast with reading texts, where one has to imagine what he reads, the synchronisation voice-over with images [†¦] makes it appear as if the images speak for themselves declare their own transparent meaning, without exterior intervention (Brunsdon and Morely, 1996: 14-5). Ellis notes the characteristics of the video medium, which makes use of images as its main support: it helps communication by providing more redundancy, and provides emphasis by doubling information in both sound and image (2000: 97). Hence, the technologies the video medium is using can bear advantages over the print medium, making the former as popular as it is. The human resources for what is conveyed through a medium are an important part in offering a qualitative product. With regard to print, written texts have authors who express their opinions, their own views, and state their knowledge about different subjects in order to inform the readers. Hence, the articles are more personal than video media products which usually have a team to produce them. If an article is signed by its creator, the news are presented in an impersonal, but not necessarily objective, manner; this is the case of news broadcasts presented by anchors, not of broadcasters whose TV shows are associated with the style, manner and personality of their presenters (Hall, 1996: 9). The video broadcasts are varied in the way they are presented, in the way information not witnessed by the audiences is mediated to the public. This aspect could also influence the viewers due to the complexity of the stimuli conveyed through video. Apart from the statistics on audience rates and the features of the two media there is a great concern with the effects of media on audiences, which mainly derive from the technological characteristics of the medium. Unsuitable material presented on TV is more damaging than in the case of printed texts because, unlike print, video offers a more convincing image of reality. Thus, the impact on audiences is higher over a short period, which, however, cannot challenge the place of the newspaper as the medium that daily records in some detail, life in all its aspects (Hornby, 1965: 98). In print, words and a limited number of images cannot present an exact picture of an event because all is filtered through the mind of the journalist; thereby, the reader receives second-hand information. The video medium offers a more exact image of the world, due to the images, comments and interviews presented. However, both perceptions of the world are biased because they are presented by people. There could be said much more about print and video, two different types of media, which, I would agree with Putnam, are complements, not substitutes (2000: 219). Therefore, it is hard to decide which one is better. Each media is good at responding to the expectations of its target audience and each of them has its advantages and disadvantages, some of which I have discussed in this essay. To conclude, I will emphasise once again the role of the two media: print mainly informs, whilst the video media mainly entertains. It rests with each person to decide which one is more suitable for them and if they can cope with the negative aspects of the specific medium. Student No: 0831496 Module: Media Sociology Word count: 2375 Mark: 65 (Mid Upper 2nd) Date of submission: 28.04.2009

Experimenter Expectancy Effect On Children In A Classroom Setting :: essays research papers

Experimenter Expectancy Effect On Children in a Classroom Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rosenthal and Jacobson (1966) sought to test the experimenter expectancy effect by examining how much of an outcome teachers' expectancies could have on a group of children. Earlier investigations in this area were also conducted by Rosenthal (1963). He worked with children in a research lab, giving each one a rat and telling them it was either bred for intelligence or for dullness. The children were put in charge of teaching the rats how to learn mazes. Rosenthal's results showed that the rats that were believed by the students to be smart, were able to learn the mazes much quicker. What the children did not know, i.e., what Rosenthal had kept hidden, was that the rats were chosen at random. There were no rats that were especially bright or dull. Another case of the experimenter expectancy effect was that of the horse known as â€Å"Clever Hans†. It seemed to be able to read, spell, and solve math problems by kicking his leg a number of times. The horse was tested and passed, but what the experts did not realize was that their own hopes for the horse to answer the questions, were giving the horse signs on which he based his answers. That is, if someone on the committee raised his/her eyebrows in anticipation of the oncoming correct answer, the horse would stop stomping. Once again, the experimenter's cues decided the outcome of the tests. Acting on these results, Rosenthal and Jacobson hypothesized that teacher's expectancies would cause them unintentionally to treat the students they thought to be bright in a different manner than those they thought to be average or even less bright.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rosenthal and Jacobson used some materials that were important in the completing their investigation. The experimenters used students and their teachers as the subjects of their study. As part of their experiment, they even chose which grades the students would be in. They also used Flanagan's Tests of General Ability as a disguise to predict academic expectancies. The experimenters did not use anything else in their experiment but instead let their subjects do the rest. Rosenthal and Jacobson's goal was to see how teachers would treat students whom they thought were of above average intelligence in comparison to how they treated students whom they believed were of below average intelligence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with all experiments, there needed to be variables. In trying to test teacher's expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson used labels for children as their independent variable. The labels used were â€Å"bloomers† for children who were expected to be above average, while the other group of children were

Sociology Syllabus

Each chapter has a module quiz associated with it (aside from chapter 9 which is included with Modules 8 and 10; Module 10 also includes chapters 11 and 12). You must take the quizzes in each section prior to taking the exam. In the end, this will benefit you. Please look closely at the attached schedules and due dates. You will be responsible for keeping these commitments. You may complete the course as quickly as you like, as long as you abide by the due dates. Exams and Assignments Exams: There will be a total of three exams: two exams will be worth 100 points each and the final exam will be worth 120 points.Exams will cover material from the assigned online modules, quizzes, lectures, class discussions and experiential learning exercises. The exams will be administered totally online and will consist of multiple choice questions. The dates and material covered by each exam is set forth in the course outline located at the end of this document. To encourage students to master the material before testing, all exams will be timed. Students will be given 50 minutes to complete each exam. Please note that you will only be permitted to â€Å"move forward† during an exam.You may not skip a question and return to it later, or answer it and later try to change your answer after you have saved your response. Please be advised that the order of the exam questions will vary for each student. Quizzes: You must complete the assigned online modules in order to successfully omplete the class. At the end ot each module, you must successtully complete a 1 question multiple choice quiz by answering at least 7 questions correctly. You may repeat each quiz as many times as you wish to achieve the desired score; however, you will be required to wait at least one hour before repeating the quiz. All quizzes will be timed.You will be allowed 10 minutes to complete each quiz. Students who fail to correctly answer a minimum of 7 questions or who do not complete the quizzes dur ing the assigned time period will receive a zero. Please note that no make-up quizzes will be given. Reflection Paper: Identifying how and why we behave and why we have certain attitudes and beliefs can be a daunting task. During the semester, students will be asked to reflect on their beliefs related toa topic. The reflection paper will be worth 25 points. Please note that students will be penalized one letter grade for poorly written work (please proofread).Specific instructions for each paper will be posted on Blackboard. Survey Completion: Twice during the semester, students will have the opportunity to express their beliefs and opinions about a specific topic by completing a brief, online urvey. These surveys will give students the opportunity to compare their views with those of their classmates in a non-threatening and anonymous way. While student responses will not be â€Å"graded,† students will be required to complete the surveys within the time provided. Please not e that no make-up surveys will be given. Each survey is worth 10 points. https://donemyessay.com/sociology-exam-3-chapters-6-8/Attendance As an online class students are responsible for completing all quizzes, exams, and assignments in a timely fashion. Assignments must be completed by the noted date. Students who are unable to complete an assignment in a given time period is ncouraged to contact the professor as soon as possible. The professor is likely to be more accommodating prior to a missed assignment versus afterwards. Grade Calculation Final grades will be determined through the use ofa point system. The maximum value of each exam and assignment along with the range of points associated with each letter grade are listed in the tables below.

Memory Retrieval essays

Memory Retrieval essays Some of the most intriguing information we have covered in lecture has involved memory retrieval. I always enjoy finding out that others share the same questions or concerns about any topic, it lends a feeling of validation. I have often wondered why I would repeat a task after just having completed it, or why I would draw a blank when the information should be readily available. I think its almost surprising how much memory is valued in many situations, yet it is known that people have tendencies to distort their memories (Sternberg, 2003). As described in the text, eyewitness testimony is the most serious example of societys reliance on individuals memories. Eyewitness testimony is similar to everyday retelling of stories of events to others. I think people can take notice of when they are losing details of the memory of an incident. For example, the more you tell the story of the car crash you saw today on the freeway, the shorter the story will become, focusing mainly on the action, less on situational details. The next couple of days when you are remembering the accident in your head, you realize you now arent sure exactly where on the road it was, what color the one car was, and whether you had the radio on or not. You recognize that you have lost some details, but you feel confident in your memory because you still can recall the crash itself. The idea of misattribution is very interesting here. It seems as if this is the next memory distortion that occurs after transience. Whereas people are aware of transience for the most part, misattribution seems to be more unconscious. It is in the retelling of the memory that we put the memory into understandable (for others) context. In order to give a full and accurate description of the memory, you give the setting, scene, or situation in which it took place. It seems as if the act of relating a memory to another individual requires cert ...

Understanding Learning

Understanding Learning Free Online Research Papers Understanding learning within humans and non-humans is an area that psychologists have researched over many years. The first major approach was behaviourism which lead to the comparative and cognitive approaches. These two approaches are supported by different physiologists, who have defined methods to help understand learning such as; animals behaviour and the humans mind. These approaches both use experiments, however, they consider different elements to help prove their research, which can be similar and contrast with each other. The comparative perspective in psychology is based on behaviourism; the behaviourist psychologists use mainly experiment to observe the behaviour of animals and other creatures in learning. Researchers propose that learning is potentially observable and measurable and the environment is taking a huge part in studying behaviour in learning. The cognitive perspective come from behaviourism it also uses experimental, but as time goes on the aspects of studying learning has changed. It focuses on more understanding the inferences that happens in the brain processes. The processes in the brain is one of the main aspects of the cognitive perspective. This approach does still have behaviourism as a major element like comparative, however, it also balances it with the mental processes. A method which helps differentiate the cognitive approach is category learning which group things together to help humans organise their experiences. One of the first experiments or studies for category learning was by Bruner at al, who used a method called hypothesis testing. This method of proving and disapproving the hypothesis is not considered by comparative approach. A comparative approach which does uses part of the cognitive approach was part of Tolman’s research. Tolman used classical and instrumental conditioning to find out how the rats behaviour changed and learnt. His experiment focuses on whether the rat learnt from its given environment and adapted its behaviour by taking account the learning within the brain. His experiment combines the comparative and cognitive approach because it makes inference of what is going on in the rats head. The behaviourist Tolman suggest â€Å"that learning involves ‘something in the head as well as a change in behaviour† p181 Tolman The comparative approach usually does an experiment based on condition that observes the subjects behaviour. The researcher will make judgement of the outcome of the behaviour that the subject shown in the artificial environment. The artificial environments which are set up in this approach can also be seen by the cognitive perspective. In Skinners box an environment was set up to monitor behaviour of rat learning how to get food. The experiment involved rat to learn expectancies by giving series of positive reinforcement, which the delivery of food is manipulated by the experimenter which is called operant conditioning. The experiment showed that the behaviour of the rat learnt from the experiment which is applied by the law of effect. The environment of the experiment has a lack of ecological validity due to behaviour of the rat may not be linked closely to humans despite of animals adapt as humans do. In comparison to comparative approach, the lack of ecological validity can also be seen in the Bruners’s card experiment. His work has not got the real life scenario and it is based on an empiricism method. He developed cards which are classed as artificial stimuli, the participants categorised the cards by asking if certain cards were part of the same category and when the participants settled on their hypothesis they wrote it down. This cognitive approach looked at how the mind categorise items, Bruners said that people use two main strategies; successive scanning and conservative focusing. Bruners argue that â€Å"people learn concepts via a process of generating and then refining hypothesis in the light of further evidence†p193 This type of cognitive approach can have several results and there are some human interpretations. Another problem with Bruners hypothesis approach was pointed out by Fodor and Chomsky, known as induction problem. This is when the hypothesis is based on past experiences and there could a number of different hypothesis’s that are correct, which could also contradict each other. This is very different to the empirical nature of the comparative approach seen in Skinners box which gives clear results in the changing behaviour of the rat. The researchers of the cognitive approach shifted from Bruners empirical based experiment to more meaningful categories. Murphy and Kaplan believed the background knowledge was important in category learning. For example, the results of the experiment show that the participants did not try to learn the different attributes they used the background knowledge to link the attributes. However, these two view points of this approach differ from each other because Brunner does not take into account prior knowledge. Murphy’s experiment uses one related attribute and five unrelated attribute of cars. This theme meant that participants learnt twice as quick than those who did not have related theme. In contrast to the cognitive approach the comparative approach takes into account the innate knowledge of the subject. As shown in the Skinners box when the behaviour of rat is observed using its natural knowledge of desire for food. Without this innate nature the rat would not acquire the necessity of learning to get the food. Similar points of view have been suggested using a cognitive approach by Fodor and Chomosky. They both argue that learning comes from innate, which is similar to the Plato who believed that learning primarily came from nativism. They suggested that an alternative to category knowledge is the subject’s innate behaviour. The different approaches that psychologists have studied to help understand learning with animals and humans have meant that there are many methods that can help explain. Comparative with its background in behaviourism tended to monitor events of animals and it was later that physiologists started to make inferences of the brain to try and help explain the results. The cognitive approach identifies ways which humans categorises things depending on our experiences, previous knowledge or innate abilities. The two approaches to learning use very different methods but they also draw on certain similar elements especially when making inferences about the brain. Research Papers on Understanding LearningEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseOpen Architechture a white paperTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Analysis and Recomendation of Marketing strategy of Vodafone Essay

Analysis and Recomendation of Marketing strategy of Vodafone - Essay Example Strategies of an organization should well be able to detail themselves as per the needs of the environment while planning for the future. A framework for any program can well be preferred if it is deeply affinitive to the generalization of a venture or enterprise keeping in mind the quality of methodizing. The one concept firmly oriented towards the creation of values for its customers will conclude with excellence in the target market. Vodafone uses its familiar red logo and retains themes of togetherness, fashion joy and enjoyment throughout its marketing communications. The same uniformity is maintained and followed by Fanta, Microsoft, Nike, Sony and host of other companies. What should be the rational behind this? Is it for fun? Integrated marketing communications see the elements of the communications mix integrated into a coherent whole. As the fight of market shares and quest for product success continue, marketers are employing all the necessary tactics, and methods to give their product a break through, or remain competitive (Brennan, Baines, and Garneau, 2003, Rowley J 2004). One way of doing this is through differentiation, making your product outstanding, by having your values and image (Zineldin M., and Philipson S., 2007). This is known as the marketing communications mix, and forms the basis of marketing (Pelsmacher& Kitchen., 2005) This paper examined the importance of marketing to Vodafone, it current and future market challenges using certain analytical tools and models. Part one of the paper lay emphasis on these models while part three looks at the resources and capabilities that distinguished Vodafone from its competitors. The PESTEL framework can only be used to look at the future impact of environmental factors and that this impact might be

Business research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business research - Essay Example The paper will be inclusive of various presentation slides that will summarize the findings and the methods employed in coming up with those findings. Finally, the paper will discuss the ethical considerations in the research and limitations and recommendations for further studies to be done to verify data for the next years. Research Questions The study will first outline the background of arriving at the research question formulated. The study will attempt to answer the following questions: What is the music taste of the University of East London? What factors determine those tastes? Hypothesis Different musical tastes are observed in a university environment as a result of different mix of culture and gender (Bryman 2007). Methodology For there to be accuracy in this study, there was a need to hear out the views of various individuals regarding their taste in music genres. The assumption, as stipulated in the hypothesis was that all the students had different types of music genre they listen. The researcher conducted a small scale investigation due to the limitations and constraints created by time (Collis and Hussey 2009). A British study conducted by Bourdieu retrieved both qualitative and quantitative information hence provided a base for future research, this one included. In order to add to these findings, this study will include interviews from groups of students from the universities, ranging from different points of views (Munn and Drever 2004). Focus was put into three groups. These include undergraduates and the post graduates and staffs of the university. There three groups would be represented by about five individuals. The five individual comprised of two females and three males. The groups comprised of at least three different races. The aim here is also to analyze if the factors relating to race, social class and gender influenced the tastes of music. The age group interviewed ranged from 18-35. Questionnaires were distributed to various group s formed as a result of sampling (Srivastava 2011). This method of collecting data was approved since it gave the respondents the confidentiality they asked for in answering the questions. Three groups were targeted. The questionnaire was formulated in such a way that the respondents described the type of music genres they were interested. The questionnaire also contained a description part where they would describe what drives them to love certain types of music appendices (Knight 2002). Sampling The researcher adopted the snowball sampling in order to be able to convince unknown people to participate in the study. According to Bryman (2008), snowball sampling entails the researcher making contacts with a given group of people he or she describes or finds to be relevant to the subject study. The researcher then uses these groups to establish or reach other individuals. I used some of the students I was sharing classes with to reach other. I also approached some of the lecturer I de alt with to establish contacts with others. Some of the students introduced me to the staff where I gathered a number of them who said their views or opinions (Collis and Hussey 2009). Results The music type that was highly rated included techno, rock and pop. Most of the females in the university advocated for rock and pop and blues while most males went for techno, rock and hip hop. Most of the males also favored Christian

Business planing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Business planing - Assignment Example tract, extended warranty, free mobile phone pickup and drop facility for registered customers are sure to enable the managers to position the company competitively in the market. Currently, the US economy is considerably stable with an invariable interest rate. Inflation rate is also very less compared to other countries. The lower interest rate and inflation will allow the company to reduce the operating costs as well as the cost of sales which in turn will enable the managers to increase the margin of profit. The economic legislations in the US are considerably flexible and it encourages new business to come forth and set up their foundations which in turn will add to the growth of the economy. Given the fact that San Diego is the third most populated city in California, it provides Zaet Mobile home accessory with enormous scope to target a large base of potential customers. The total number of households in this part of the country stands at nearly 1 million with an average household income of $61,426 (Simons, 2011). The middle class to upper middle class income range stand between $75,000 and $215,000 (Pontuch, 2012). The high income earners earn more than $215,000 per year (Sillard, 2013). The large population combined with a high concentration of stable income households provides a ready market for Zaet Mobile home accessory which can be targeted in order to achieve business development and growth (Sillard, 2013). Zaet Mobile home accessory will be primarily engaged in the repair and maintenance services of mobile phones. The services will be extended to households in San Diego California. In addition, the business will also be selling mobile phone accessories such as cases, headphones, chargers, Bluetooth headsets and earphones. Alongside providing repairing and maintenance services of mobile phones, the company will also be providing consultancy services to its customers regarding the optimal usage of mobile phones and other associated accessories.

Pepsi One Case Study Journal Essay Example for Free

Pepsi One Case Study Journal Essay PepsiCo, along with Coca-Cola, are two firms dominating the U. S beverage market with almost 76% collectively in 1998. This rivalry became more serious as PepsiCo released Pepsi One in order to increase its market. By properly applying the market audit, Pepsi One has succeeded in expanding the market, considered as a Pepsi core displays. Business structures of rivals, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola are virtually similar. As customers demand delicious products, firms have turned to marketing service companies, reducing their role as manufacturers. Its American operations have been transformed into sales and development markets. Innovation and technology departments are established, taking responsibilities of generating new products, packaging, and equipment. PepsiCo and Coca-Cola have the same business objectives which are strengthening brand image, expanding market, and beating their rivals in the beverage market, particularly for carbonated soft-drinks. PepsiCo’s marketing goal was to enhance customer’s awareness of its brand image, inform them about its new products, and reduce the consumer resistance to buy the products. In order to obtain these goals, PepsiCo has applied the market audit. Basing on the current results, it was founded that beverages with cola flavor witnessed a downward trend in sale as the customers were expecting a better tasting soft-drink. Hence, the concept for the new product was to develop a low-calorie drink that was similar to sugared soft-drink while avoiding the bitter aftertaste. Subsequently, by utilizing market analysis, particularly market segmentation and market targeting, the marketing department figured out who was going to be Pepsi One’s market. Pepsi One was then considered as a soft-drink for young men in their 20s and 30s who are afraid of the word diet and the bitter aftertaste. By conducting these tests, Pepsi believed their new product would reach a whole new audience. The role of marketing department in achieving PepsiCo’s marketing goals was undeniable since it is important to comprehend the market trend before launching a new product, the innovation and technology departments also had a significant role because being creative and to differentiate the products is markedly demanded in a highly competitive market. These departments advocated Pepsi One by using a unique marketing strategy to capture the market. At this point, the chairman of PepsiCo (1997) claimed â€Å"This is a real-time business, and we’re going to be a real-time company†. It is clear that Pepsi One flourished due to the contribution of these two departments. In conclusion, Pepsi One has succeeded in the soft-drink market. This is derived from understanding the market through market audit and using an appropriate market strategy. Pepsi One has helped its firm to gain the market and beat its rival Coca-Cola at low calorie soft-drink market.

john wilde :: essays research papers

Art History John Wilde Gallery Paper Well walking through the gallery the only piece that stood out to me was John Wilde's piece "A Tribute to the Rubber Stamp #7" a silver point on paper. The piece itself has a very simple composition that contains a hand coming into the page from the left side about about a third of the way up the page. The arm has a shirt on with a pinstripe jacket over it. On the right side of the page is a six banded armadillo with a snail with wings. These animals are placed in the right third of the page. Behind the hand is very light mountain forms that peaks right above the hand and slowly slopes down to pretty much the center of the page and flows fairly flat and parallel with the hand. The mountains are the only thing with a sense of color in the piece, they are washed with a very subtle brown wash. The only other thing that has any sense of color is the armadillos shadow and thats extremely minimal. The armadillo and snail seem to be pretty much proportioned properly except that the armadillos tail is a little to long and the back side of the nail is too big. I think the wings that are on the back of the snail looks exactly like the Detroit Red Wings emblem, minus the color. Everything seems to be drawn graphicly except for the mountains that are drawn fairly loose. The palm of the hand has very good detail and it looks fairly realistic even without any shading. The armadillo and snail are drawn very well, there's a good amount of detail like the tiny hairs that come out of the front of the armadillos she right under its face, and the scale of the armadillo are are very good. The mountains split the composition and give the piece a background and a foreground. The way the mountains go through the page makes the background go back into space and the foreground come forward even though all it is, is wide open white space. another things the mountains do is take your eye from the left side of the page and slowly guides them to the right side, the hand also aids the composition in this almost pointing you towards the right side of the page towards the animals.

Residential Schools Essay

Long before Europeans came to North America, aboriginal people had a highly developed system of education. There was a great deal for aboriginal children to learn before they could survive on their own. Aboriginal elders and parents passed on not only survival skills to their children, but their history, artistic ability, music, language, moral and religious values. When European missionaries began to live amongst aboriginal people, they concluded that the sooner they could separate children from their parents, the sooner they could prepare aboriginal people to live a civilized (i. e. European) lifestyle. Residential schools were established for two reasons: separation of the children from the family and the belief that aboriginal culture was not worth preserving. Most people concluded that aboriginal culture was useless and dying and all human beings would eventually develop and change to be like the ‘advanced’ European civilization. Early residential schools were similar to religious missions. Later, the mission-run schools were administered jointly by Canadian churches and the federal government, and for a number of years, residential schools became official Canadian policy for the education of Indian. . . Provincial education curriculums did not change to reflect the educational needs of aboriginal children. The elders in fact seen a major change in the way the children were acting, they would refuse to do chores and would often talk back and often became violant. The school demanded very little in comparison. Loneliness, sickness, confusion and abuse all had to be borne in lonely silence. Aboriginal children continue to have difficulties fitting in to the existing schools, which are still designed around a culture alien to their own. They were issued clothes and assigned a bed number. Aboriginal people have demanded, and received, official apologies from the Anglican, United and Roman Catholic churches which operated residential schools. All of this must have been a staggering shock to the new â€Å"student† . Many things combined to make the experience difficult for young aboriginal children. After several years away at school, children often found it difficult to speak their mother tongue. The residential school experience continues to plague First Nations education. The white man’s school contradicted everything these aboriginal children had learned at home. â€Å"The organization of the schools and the content of the curriculum conveyed to aboriginal children that the human values, the political institutions, the spiritual practices and the economic strategies of other Canadians were infinitely superior to the â€Å"primitive† ways of their traditional lifestyles. † Students began to believe that the ceremonies and rituals which harmonized the spiritual and social life of the community and gave its members a sense of personal significance and group identity, were â€Å"heathen† and â€Å"the work of the Devil.

Vegetarianism Could Save the Planet

A. Students' Declaration I hereby declare that this project report has been written by me and no part has been copied from any source other than the ones I have mentioned in the reference. Topic: Vegetarianism could save the planet. Discuss Name: Md. Reaz Uddin Yousuf ID# 504802 Class: EAP-3. 01 B. Acknowledgement One good reason to write a research report is to express publicly one's gratitude for those who has offered their help during the difficult process of gaining knowledge. I would like to express my gratitude to many people who have contributed to this research endeavor.First, I would like to thank my advisor, Kari & Vicki. Their trust, encouragement, support, and guidance provided an enjoyable atmosphere for me to pursue knowledge and grow intellectually. Without their initial enthusiasm this research would have been quite difficult to undertake. Their constructive criticisms motivated me to explore various aspects of the topic. I am extremely grateful to them as they gave m e the immense opportunities and exposure that one would require to complete this research.Next, I would also like to thank all of my friends and my near & dear ones who let me do my project with freedom, without putting any restrictions and always supporting and inspiring me until the end. Words alone cannot express what I owe them for their encouragement, patience and love which enabled me to complete this paper. The One without Whom my thanksgiving is incomplete is the Almighty ALLAH (GOD); I want to thank the Lord for His continual blessings in my life in addition to all the support He provided me with, through all the above mentioned aspects.I put my trust on Him, and He continues to make my paths straight. â€Å"Nothing will benefit human health and increase chances for survival on Earth as much as the evolution to a vegetarian diet†-Albert Einstein Various ethical reasons have been recommended for choosing vegetarianism under various religious beliefs along with the con cept of animal rights. Vegetarianism influences the people for plant-based diets with the keeping out of meat (red meat, poultry, and seafood). The majority of people who are overweight or obese increase with age due to fat, which in most of the cases, come from animals’ fat (Foer, 2009).Maintained by seniors, yet often forced upon children, to maintain a healthy diet and reasonable weight vegetable and fruit are the most valuable food. People with the highest consumption of vegetables and fruits could save the planet by consumption of less animal products and keeping the land fertile by reduced soil erosion & water contamination. Well-planned vegetarian diets are suitable for all stages of the life succession, including pregnancy, childhood & for athletes.A 2010 study compared a group of vegetarian and non- vegetarian in which vegetarians scored less depression tests and had better mind profiles. A vegetarian diet excludes all animal products, including eggs, dairy, honey th at means all food which directly or indirectly comes from animals. Production of animal feed consumes about one-third of Earth’s total arable land. (Vegetarianism and environment, 2010)Removing vegetation exposes the ground to more intense solar radiation, which increases evaporation and the risk that plants not eaten by cattle will die from lack of water.When the vegetative cover is removed it’s easily saying that the fertility of soil is easily decreased. Because when farmers cultivate the land they use some chemical which helps the land become fertile. So, by not killing the animals which are needed for our environment as well as to keep our planet balanced by saving our land, vegetarian people save the planet. On the other hand, some people think that becoming a vegetarian is not necessary for many individuals & religion as it is also harmful to stop eating animals. It may be a reason for a lower number of vegetarian people live in the society.Animal produced for f ood can benefit the environment. They also think that, wastes are created by animal which are decomposed by land and the process of decomposing releases necessary minerals and nutrients, so that the next generation of plant life and other living organisms can be benefited from them. Though meat is good for health, according to the critics, when erosion on farmland is not check properly and timely manner, so much topsoil can fade away that, that’s why most of the farmland can no longer be used to grow crops.Most of the farmland around the world is becoming useless to cultivate any food & it also harmful for the farmers as well because they have no work in that period of time. And avoiding meat means ultimately we support the animal creature to live in this earth and keep our planet balanced. Cultivate additional land is another understandable way to supply food for an escalating population. For better fertilization and reduce soil erosion waterless lands with limited vegetatio n cover 40 percent of the earth’s land area which can help the soil. Saxena, 2011) Animals play a vital role in our wild environment but animal byproducts are creating very bad situation for the environment. According to Saxena, many harmful gases and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are formed when anaerobic bacteria decompose liquid manure held in the lagoons which are filled up by animal wastes. And, it becomes sources of harmful gases and many other hazardous particles mixed up with neighboring air when the lagoons are sprayed for decomposing on farmland. The far-away and neighborhood long-term effects of the emissions from this action include acid rain and global warming.For example, dissolved ammonia in the farmland filling of lagoons consisting of fertilizers and animal waste is serially broken down by microbes to form a variety of nitrogen gas, including nitrous oxide. This gas has harmful effects on the ozone layers of the atmosphere. Air also polluted by volatile o rganic compounds because these are gases that react with close air in the entire atmosphere. To support and increase living places for animal and for human as well many forests have been cut down, especially in tropical countries.Deforestation increase the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere and obviously carbon dioxide is the major gas which can directly involve for greenhouse effect. (Saxena, 2011) As part of their digestive process, many animals such as goats, cattle, sheep and camels emit methane and methane gas also plays a very important role for greenhouse effect. Biodiversity creates a set of connections that maintains oxygen in air, enriches soil, purifies water, protects against flood and regulates climate.Not amazingly, the biodiversity of our planet is declining at an disturbing rate due to human behavior because human are mostly dependent on farm animals for food and there is a significant reduction of vegetarian people, that supports other animals. The era of vegeta rianism can improve the environmental growth of this planet and its sub-components have reached their zenith for the developed world. By avoiding all animal products vegetarians could save the planet because a grazing-based production can limit soil erosion.However, some people argue that vegetarianism alone won’t save the planet and animals. Each correspondent from vegetarian urges us to slash our greenhouse gas emissions, but each has a different perspective on where the knife should fall. Opposition include that, vegetarian must bear the burden of climate change by scaling their lavish lifestyle. Continuous degradation of land to produce more fruits and vegetables in same regions may lead to desertification, a process that is introduced by soil erosion, loss of groundwater etc.Desertification converts productive arid lands to wastelands. Studies show that people who consume a lot of vegetables and fruit, obviously, in most of the cases, avoid rich food, smoking habit & dri nking as well. So, conclusion is that without any hesitation vegetarian people are quite healthy and save the planet by cleaning the environment. In this case, avoiding animal is not the only issue, there is other issue as well which is avoid farming animal because their waste products are too much harmful for country’s environment.When the land is compacted by the hooves of cattle, rainwater cannot easily reach into the soil. Ideally, it is wise to obtain vitamins from vegetables, not from any meat. Vegetable provides vitamins in the most biologically available form, in the right amounts & combined with other complementary nutrients. People from different religion also are very happy about the concept of vegetarianism because they believe that only vegetarian people support them about saving animals which are necessary to keep the planet in a balance condition.Most of the earth’s plant and animal life has evolved during the last few centuries in a delicate balance wit h the cyclic temperature variation in each region. Vegetarians also help the planet by saving huge amount of wildlife those are very important to make this world a perfect living place. References: Foer J. , 2009, ‘Eating animals’, Penguin Group, Great Britain, London, pp: 4-18. Krien A. , 2012, ‘Us and them on the importance of animals’, Morry Schwartz, Collingwood VIC, Australia, pp: 6-15. Melle, 2012, ‘Mad cow, E. coli & other health hazards associated with beef’.Viewed 24 May 2012, Omniv, ‘Why Vegetarianism is Wrong’, Viewed 18 May 2012, Saxena M. , 2011, ‘The Vegetarian Imperative’, The Johns Hopkins University Press, United States, pp: 31-64. Shahan Z, Vegetarianism and environment, April 2, 2010, Viewed 18 May 2012, Tudge C. , 2002, ‘Food for the future’, Dorling Kindersley limited, London, pp: 14-21.